Defects and transformations of quasi-copulas

Six different functions measuring the defect of a quasi-copula, i. e., how far away it is from a copula, are discussed. This is done by means of extremal non-positive volumes of specific rectangles (in a way that a zero defect characterizes copulas). Based on these defect functions, six transformations of quasi-copulas are investigated which give rise to six different partitions of the set of all quasi-copulas. For each of these partitions, each equivalence class contains exactly one copula being a fixed point of the transformation under consideration. Finally, an application to the construction of so-called imprecise copulas is given.